In the proposal of the European Commission for Horizon Europe 2028-2034, one default implementation format for European Partnerships is suggested, which will integrate the two current work programme-based implementation forms, i.e. co-programmed and co-funded. The proposal foresees that they will be based on a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and be implemented via the future Horizon Europe work programme. The principle of co-funded partnerships – co-programming and co-funding joint R&I programmes with national and regional funders - remains, but would be implemented differently, addressing implementation challenges encountered by co-funded partnerships today. The option of establishing treaty-based instruments in exceptional and well-justified cases also remains. 

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